Skip to main content

Is Anger Your Fast Friend?

Anger is like drinking poison and expecting the other person to die.

– Gautama Buddha

We all know ‘Anger’ does not do any good to anybody. Almost all of us have dealt with it very closely, either as the recipient, the 'perpetrator' or often both. Then why do we fail to stay away from getting angry every off and on? Let’s take a deep dive into what anger is all about and if there is anything we can do to stay away from getting angry at all.


Anger is an emotional reaction and expression to immediately stop the threatening behaviour or another outside force. It is inherent, inborn, habitual and integral part of psyche and personality.

Anger has functional value for survival. Extreme and environmental factors causing anger at home and office/workplace are difficult to change. Males have hormone testosterone leading to aggressiveness, possessiveness, sense of ownership, autocracy and dominance. Females have hormone oestrogen giving temperament tolerance, let-go attitude, forgiveness and modesty. Thus males are naturally more prone to anger.

While mild anger is nothing but irritation, the severe anger is called rage, wrath or fury. It is better to express anger gently and carefully than suppress it. Suppressed anger can also lead to a feeling of suffocation, discomfort and restlessness.

Causes: Anger is an automatic response to an insult. It is often triggered when a person’s ego or self-respect is hurt and he feels insulted, cheated, humiliated, misguided, disregarded, ill-treated, betrayed or by-passed.

Anger originates when one’s expectation from others are not fulfilled. We are unable to see on own weaknesses, and so focus on others’ mistakes. We can say anger is a pressure cooker-like effect of an insult.

Features: Feeling of anger is evident on the face, showing unusual redness – flushing, usually with a frowning look and red staring eyes. Anger is evident in body language. Anger causes tachycardia, hypertension (increased pulse), Tachypnoea (fast breathing) with sweating and goose skin. Speech becomes explosive and saliva trickles. Anger can lead to heart attacks, brain haemorrhage and even death. A person becomes restless, uneasy and feels discommended with loss of peace.

Anger can be (A) Passive and (B) Aggressive, and it is important what is the kind you’re dealing with.
  • (A) Passive anger has dispassion. (Not reacting to others’ anger, looking unconcerned), evasiveness (not arguing back), defeatism, secretive behaviour (Silent treatment or avoiding eye contact) or self -blame.
  • (B) Aggressive anger has bullying, destructiveness, violence, threats and vengeance.
Anger Management: Is there a way to (permanently) get rid of anger? Well, we can at least try.
1. Firm decision is a must. To avoid anger, keep telling yourself “Come what may, I am not going to be angry.” It should be remembered and pursued permanently. Practise waiting for five minutes, or counting to 100 before reacting to a fit of anger.

Improve your communication skills and do not let the disagreements turn into fight.

Try to find out why you feel upset. It is better to express anger gently and carefully than to suppress it forcibly.

Stand before a mirror and see the facial expressions of anger.

Convince yourself again and again that the word cannot move as per your wishes.

2. Avoid or simply leave the individuals, places, situations and set-ups that you know can cause anger to you.

3. Lean to “Let-Go” policy and thereby ignore small issues. Avoid making every issue a prestige matter. Apologise and forgive yourself for outburst.

4. Meditation and deep breathing exercise. Try to counter anger by forcibly bringing in thoughts of love, your previous happy moments with the person and help/support you have received from him.

The anger will certainly start subsiding. Learn to identify your greed, dissatisfaction and vengeance. Instead, develop kindness, humanity and equanimity.

Practice concentration. Deep breathing, focus on inhaling and exhaling, and picturing your breath travelling up to the diaphragm.

Create a playlist of music helping you to relax spirituality will teach you to accept people as they are.
Only active attempt and permanent awareness can make you anger free.

Best of luck!


Reference:
  • “If you conquer anger you conquer the world” by Dr G.G. Oza, Ahmedabad.
  • “Anger Management” by Andrew Bennett - Reader’s Digest, July 2016.
  • “Way of Treating People” by Sr Padmapriya, USA - The World Renewal, June 2016
  • Wikipedia

Comments

Popular posts from this blog

āŠļીāŠŪંāŠĪ - āŠļીāŠŪંāŠĪોāŠĻ્āŠĻāŠŊāŠĻ āŠļંāŠļ્āŠ•ાāŠ°

āŠđિāŠĻ્āŠĶુāŠ“āŠŪાં āŠēāŠ—્āŠĻ āŠŠāŠ›ી āŠŪા-āŠŽાāŠŠ āŠĨāŠĩાāŠĻી āŠŠāŠđેāŠēી āŠĩાāŠ°āŠĻી āŠ…āŠĩāŠļ્āŠĨાāŠĻું āŠ–ૂāŠŽ āŠŪāŠđāŠĪ્āŠĩ āŠ›ે. āŠ—āŠ°્āŠ­āŠŪાં āŠ°āŠđેāŠē āŠŽાāŠģāŠ•āŠĻે āŠķુāŠĶ્āŠ§ āŠ•āŠ°āŠĩું – āŠŠāŠĩિāŠĪ્āŠ° āŠ•āŠ°āŠĩું āŠœāŠ°ૂāŠ°ી āŠđોāŠĩાāŠĨી āŠĪે āŠŽાāŠŽāŠĪāŠĻું āŠļંāŠļ્āŠ•āŠ°āŠĢ āŠ•āŠ°āŠĩાāŠŪાં āŠ†āŠĩે āŠ›ે. āŠĪેāŠĨી āŠœીāŠĩāŠĻ āŠĶāŠ°āŠŪ્āŠŊાāŠĻ āŠĨāŠĪાં āŠļોāŠģ āŠļંāŠļ્āŠ•ાāŠ°ોāŠŪાંāŠĨી āŠāŠ• āŠļીāŠŪંāŠĪોāŠĻ્āŠĻāŠŊāŠĻ āŠļંāŠļ્āŠ•ાāŠ° āŠ–ૂāŠŽ āŠœāŠ°ૂāŠ°ી āŠ›ે. āŠ† āŠĩિāŠ§િ āŠ—āŠ°્āŠ­ાāŠĩāŠļ્āŠĨાāŠĻા āŠ…ંāŠĪિāŠŪ āŠĪāŠŽāŠ•્āŠ•ાāŠŪાં āŠ›āŠ ્āŠ ા āŠ•ે āŠ†āŠ āŠŪા āŠŪાāŠđિāŠĻાāŠŪાં āŠ•āŠ°āŠĩાāŠŪાં āŠ†āŠĩે āŠ›ે. āŠŽાāŠģāŠ• āŠœāŠĻ્āŠŪ āŠŠāŠđેāŠēાāŠĻા āŠļāŠŪāŠŊāŠ—ાāŠģાāŠŪાં āŠŪાāŠĪાāŠĻી āŠŪāŠĻ:āŠļ્āŠĨિāŠĪિāŠĻી āŠļીāŠ§ી āŠ…āŠļāŠ° āŠŽાāŠģāŠ• āŠ‰āŠŠāŠ° āŠŠāŠĄે āŠ›ે – āŠāŠŸāŠēે āŠ†āŠĻંāŠĶોāŠĪ્āŠļāŠĩ āŠŪāŠĻાāŠĩāŠĩાāŠĨી āŠļ્āŠĪ્āŠ°ીāŠĻું āŠŪāŠĻ āŠ† āŠļāŠŪāŠŊ āŠĶāŠ°āŠŪ્āŠŊાāŠĻ āŠŠ્āŠ°āŠļāŠĻ્āŠĻ āŠ°āŠđે āŠ›ે āŠœેāŠĨી āŠŽાāŠģāŠ• āŠŠāŠĢ āŠĪંāŠĶુāŠ°āŠļ્āŠĪ āŠ°āŠđે āŠ›ે. āŠ˜āŠ°āŠŪાં āŠŽાāŠģāŠ• āŠ†āŠĩāŠĩાāŠĻા āŠļāŠŪાāŠšાāŠ° āŠŪાāŠĪ્āŠ°āŠĨી āŠļāŠŪāŠ—્āŠ° āŠŠāŠ°િāŠĩાāŠ°āŠŪાં āŠ‰āŠĪ્āŠļાāŠđ āŠ…āŠĻે āŠ†āŠĻંāŠĶāŠĻું āŠĩાāŠĪાāŠĩāŠ°āŠĢ āŠđોāŠŊ āŠ›ે āŠ…āŠĻે āŠļૌ āŠ†āŠĪુāŠ°āŠĪાāŠĨી āŠ†āŠĩāŠĻાāŠ° āŠŽાāŠģāŠ• āŠŪāŠđેāŠŪાāŠĻāŠĻા āŠ†āŠ—āŠŪāŠĻāŠĻી āŠ°ાāŠđ āŠœોāŠĪાં āŠđોāŠˆ āŠ›ે. āŠļીāŠŪંāŠĪ āŠĩિāŠ§િ  (āŠ–ોāŠģો āŠ­āŠ°āŠĩો – āĪ—ोāĪĶ āĪ­āΰाāΈ – Baby Shower) āŠķāŠŽ્āŠĶāŠļāŠđ āŠļāŠŪāŠœીāŠ āŠĪો āŠļીāŠŪંāŠĪ āŠāŠŸāŠēે āŠĩાāŠģ āŠ…āŠĻે āŠ‰āŠĻ્āŠĻāŠŊāŠĻ āŠāŠŸāŠēે āŠ‰āŠŠāŠ° āŠšāŠĒાāŠĩāŠĩા. āŠĩિāŠ§િāŠĻી āŠķāŠ°ૂāŠ†āŠĪāŠŪાં āŠŠāŠĪિ āŠŪંāŠĪ્āŠ° āŠŽોāŠēી āŠŠāŠĪ્āŠĻીāŠĻા āŠĩાāŠģ āŠļāŠœાāŠĩે āŠ›ે āŠ…āŠĻે āŠļેંāŠĨાāŠŪાં āŠļિંāŠĶુāŠ° āŠŠૂāŠ°ે āŠ›ે. āŠļંāŠļ્āŠ•ૃāŠĪ āŠŪંāŠĪ્āŠ° āŠĶ્āŠĩાāŠ°ા āŠ•āŠđે āŠ›ે : “āŠĶેāŠĩāŠĪાāŠ“āŠĻી āŠŪાāŠĪા āŠ…āŠĶિāŠĪીāŠĻા āŠļીāŠŪંāŠĪોāŠĻ્āŠĻāŠŊāŠĻ āŠļંāŠļ્āŠ•ાāŠ° āŠŠ્āŠ°āŠœાāŠŠāŠĪિāŠ“āŠĻે āŠ•āŠ°્āŠŊા āŠđāŠĪા āŠ…āŠĻે āŠ…āŠĶિāŠĪીāŠĻા āŠŠેāŠŸે āŠĶેāŠĩāŠĪાāŠ“ āŠœāŠĻ્āŠŪ્āŠŊા āŠđāŠĪા āŠāŠŪ āŠđું āŠļીāŠŪંāŠĪોāŠĻ્āŠĻāŠŊāŠĻ āŠķ્āŠ°ેāŠ·્āŠ  āŠ…āŠĻ...

āŠĩāŠļિāŠŊāŠĪāŠĻાāŠŪું (Will)

āŠĩāŠļિāŠŊāŠĪāŠĻાāŠŪું āŠāŠ• āŠēāŠ–ાāŠĢ (Document) āŠ›ે āŠœેāŠĻા āŠĶ્āŠĩાāŠ°ા āŠēāŠ–āŠĻાāŠ°āŠĻી āŠŪિāŠēāŠ•āŠĪāŠĻા āŠ­ાāŠ—āŠēા āŠ…āŠĻે āŠŦેāŠ°āŠŽāŠĶāŠē (Transfer) āŠēāŠ–āŠĻાāŠ°āŠĻા āŠŪૃāŠĪ્āŠŊુ āŠŽાāŠĶ āŠĻિāŠ°્āŠĶેāŠ·ીāŠĪ āŠĩ્āŠŊāŠ•્āŠĪિāŠ“ āŠ•ે āŠļંāŠļ્āŠĨાāŠĻે āŠ•āŠ°āŠĩાāŠŪાં āŠ†āŠĩે āŠ›ે. āŠ•ાāŠĻૂāŠĻી(Legal) āŠ°ીāŠĪે āŠŪાāŠĻ્āŠŊ āŠĶāŠļ્āŠĪાāŠĩેāŠœ-āŠĩāŠļિāŠŊāŠĪāŠĻાāŠŪું āŠēāŠ–āŠĻાāŠ°āŠĻી āŠŪિāŠēāŠ•āŠĪāŠĻી āŠŠોāŠĪાāŠĻા āŠŪૃāŠĪ્āŠŊુ āŠŽાāŠĶ āŠĩāŠđેંāŠšāŠĢી āŠŽાāŠŽāŠĪે āŠŪાāŠđિāŠĪી āŠ†āŠŠે āŠ›ે. āŠĩāŠļિāŠŊāŠĪ āŠēāŠ–āŠĩાāŠĻો āŠđેāŠĪુ āŠēāŠ–āŠĻાāŠ°āŠĻું āŠŪāŠĻ āŠ…āŠĻે āŠ‡āŠš્āŠ›ાāŠĻે āŠļāŠ°āŠģāŠĪાāŠĨી āŠ•āŠđેāŠĩાāŠĻો āŠ›ે.  āŠĩāŠļિāŠŊāŠĪāŠĻાāŠŪું āŠŪિāŠēāŠ•āŠĪ āŠ§āŠ°ાāŠĩāŠĻાāŠ° āŠ•ોāŠˆāŠŠāŠĢ āŠĩ્āŠŊāŠ•્āŠĪિ āŠĩાāŠ°āŠļāŠĶાāŠ°ોāŠĻે āŠ†āŠŠāŠĩાāŠĻી āŠˆāŠš્āŠ›ા āŠœāŠĢાāŠĩāŠĩા āŠ•āŠ°ી āŠķāŠ•ે āŠ›ે  āŠĩāŠļિāŠŊāŠĪ āŦ§āŦŪ āŠĩāŠ°્āŠ·āŠĨી āŠ‰āŠŠāŠ°āŠĻો āŠŠુāŠ–્āŠĪ āŠĩ્āŠŊāŠ•્āŠĪિ (āŠļ્āŠĪ્āŠ°ી āŠ•ે āŠŠુāŠ°ુāŠ·) āŠ•āŠ°ી āŠķāŠ•ે āŠ›ે.  āŠĩāŠļિāŠŊāŠĪ āŠēāŠ–āŠĻાāŠ°āŠĻી āŠŪાāŠĻāŠļિāŠ• āŠđાāŠēāŠĪ āŠļ્āŠĩāŠļ્āŠĨ āŠđોāŠĩી āŠœોāŠˆāŠ.  āŠĩāŠļિāŠŊāŠĪ āŠēāŠ–āŠĩાāŠĻી āŠļāŠ°āŠ•ાāŠ°ી āŠāŠœāŠĻ્āŠļી āŠĶ્āŠĩાāŠ°ા āŠŪāŠĻાāŠˆ āŠĻ āŠŦāŠ°āŠŪાāŠĩેāŠē āŠđોāŠĩું āŠœોāŠˆāŠ. āŠŠ્āŠ°ોāŠŽેāŠŸ (Probate) Indian Succession Act, 1925 Section 2 āŠŪુāŠœāŠŽ āŠŠ્āŠ°ોāŠŽેāŠŸ āŠŊોāŠ—્āŠŊ āŠĻ્āŠŊાāŠŊાāŠēāŠŊ āŠĶ્āŠĩાāŠ°ા āŠĩāŠļિāŠŊāŠĪāŠĻાāŠŪાāŠĻી āŠ•ાāŠŊāŠĶેāŠļāŠ°(Legation) āŠļāŠš્āŠšાāŠˆ(Correction) āŠ…āŠĻે āŠŠ્āŠ°āŠŪાāŠĢિāŠ•āŠĪાāŠĻી(Genuineness) āŠ–ાāŠĪāŠ°ી āŠ†āŠŠāŠĪો āŠđુāŠ•āŠŪ (Decree) āŠ›ે āŠŠāŠķ્āŠšિāŠŪ āŠŽંāŠ—ાāŠģ, āŠŽિāŠđાāŠ°, āŠ“āŠ°િāŠļ્āŠļા, āŠ†āŠļાāŠŪ āŠ‰āŠŠāŠ°ાંāŠĪ āŠĶિāŠē્āŠđી, āŠŪુંāŠŽāŠˆ, āŠ…āŠĻે āŠšેāŠĻ્āŠĻāŠˆ āŠĻો āŠŪ્āŠŊુāŠĻિāŠļિāŠŠāŠē āŠ•ોāŠ°્āŠŠોāŠ°ેāŠķāŠĻ āŠđāŠĶ āŠĻા āŠ°āŠđેāŠĩાāŠļીāŠ“ āŠŪાāŠŸે āŠŠ્āŠ°ોāŠŽેāŠŸ āŠŦāŠ°āŠœિāŠŊાāŠĪ āŠ›ે āŠŪૃāŠĪ્āŠŊુāŠĻા āŠļાāŠĪ āŠĶિāŠĩāŠļ āŠŠāŠ›ી āŠŠ્āŠ°ોāŠŽેāŠŸ āŠŪાāŠŸે āŠ…āŠ°āŠœી āŠĨāŠˆ āŠķāŠ•ે āŠ›ે. Indian Succession ...

āŠ…ંāŠ—āŠĶāŠĻો āŠŠāŠ— - āŠŠુāŠļ્āŠĪāŠ• āŠŠāŠ°િāŠšāŠŊ

āŠāŠ• āŠœ āŠŽેāŠ āŠ•āŠŪાં āŠ•ે āŠŠāŠ›ી āŠļāŠģંāŠ— āŠĩાંāŠšāŠĩાāŠĻી āŠ‰āŠĪ્āŠ•ંāŠ ા āŠœાāŠ—ે āŠāŠĩી āŠ† āŠĻāŠĩāŠēāŠ•āŠĨાāŠĻો āŠŠāŠ°િāŠšāŠŊ āŠ•āŠ°ાāŠĩāŠĩાāŠĻો āŠĻāŠŪ્āŠ° āŠŠ્āŠ°āŠŊાāŠļ āŠ•āŠ°āŠĪાં āŠ–ૂāŠŽ āŠ†āŠĻંāŠĶ āŠĨાāŠŊ āŠ›ે.  āŠ­ુāŠœ āŠ°āŠđેāŠĪા, āŠđાāŠē 74 āŠĩāŠ°્āŠ·ીāŠŊ, āŠ†āŠŠāŠĢાં āŠēેāŠ–āŠ• āŠķ્āŠ°ી āŠđāŠ°ેāŠķ āŠ§ોāŠģāŠ•િāŠŊા āŠœિંāŠĶāŠ—ીāŠĻા 25 āŠĩāŠ°્āŠ· āŠķિāŠ•્āŠ·āŠĢāŠ•ાāŠ°્āŠŊ āŠ•āŠ°āŠĪાં āŠđāŠĪા. āŠ…āŠĻે āŠ†āŠĶāŠ°્āŠķ āŠķિāŠ•્āŠ·āŠ•āŠĻા āŠāŠ• āŠēāŠ•્āŠ·āŠĢ āŠĪāŠ°ીāŠ•ે āŠŠુāŠļ્āŠĪāŠ•ો āŠĩાંāŠšāŠĩાāŠĻી āŠļāŠ°āŠļ āŠŸેāŠĩ āŠ§āŠ°ાāŠĩāŠĪા āŠđāŠĪા. āŠĪે āŠ•ાāŠ°āŠĢે 1945 āŠŪાં āŠēāŠ–ાāŠŊેāŠē 1930 āŠĻી āŠ•āŠĨાāŠĩāŠļ્āŠĪુ āŠ§āŠ°ાāŠĩāŠĪી āŠēેāŠ–િāŠ•ા āŠˆāŠŊાāŠĻ āŠđેāŠĻ્āŠĄ āŠĶ્āŠĩાāŠ°ા āŠēિāŠ–િāŠĪ āŠŽે āŠĻāŠĩāŠēāŠ•āŠĨાāŠ“ āŠĩાંāŠšે āŠ›ે - 700+ āŠŠાāŠĻાંāŠĻી Fountain Head (āŠŦાāŠ‰āŠĻ્āŠŸāŠĻ āŠđેāŠĄ) āŠļાāŠĪ-āŠļાāŠĪ āŠĩાāŠ° āŠļāŠģંāŠ— āŠĩાંāŠšી āŠĪો 1150+ āŠŠાāŠĻાં āŠ§āŠ°ાāŠĩāŠĪી Atlas Shrugged (āŠāŠŸāŠēાāŠļ āŠķ્āŠ°āŠ—્āŠĄ) āŠŠāŠĢ āŠļāŠģંāŠ— āŠ…āŠĩાāŠ°āŠĻāŠĩાāŠ° āŠĩાંāŠšી. 1988āŠĻા āŠĩāŠ°્āŠ·ે āŠĨāŠŊેāŠē āŠ† āŠ…āŠ•āŠļ્āŠŪાāŠĪ(!) āŠ†āŠŠāŠĢી āŠĻāŠĩāŠēāŠ•āŠĨાāŠĻું āŠœāŠĻ્āŠŪāŠļ્āŠĨાāŠĻ āŠ›ે.  āŠŦાāŠ‰āŠĻ્āŠŸāŠĻ āŠđેāŠĄ āŠ…āŠĻે āŠāŠŸāŠēાāŠļ āŠķ્āŠ°āŠ—્āŠĄ āŠĻāŠĩāŠēāŠ•āŠĨાāŠ“ āŠ°āŠķિāŠŊāŠĻ āŠēેāŠ–િāŠ•ા āŠˆāŠŊાāŠĻ āŠđેāŠĻ્āŠĄે āŠ…āŠŪેāŠ°િāŠ•ા āŠœāŠˆāŠĻે āŠēāŠ–ી āŠ›ે āŠ…āŠĻે āŠŽāŠĻ્āŠĻેāŠĻી 64 āŠēાāŠ– āŠĨી āŠĩāŠ§ુ āŠĻāŠ•āŠēો āŠĩિāŠķ્āŠĩāŠ­āŠ°āŠŪાં āŠĩંāŠšાāŠŊ āŠšૂāŠ•ી āŠ›ે. āŠŽāŠĻ્āŠĻે āŠŪાં āŠēેāŠ–āŠ•āŠĻે “āŠŪાāŠĻāŠĩ āŠķ્āŠ°ેāŠ·્āŠ āŠĪ્āŠĩ” āŠĻા āŠ…āŠĶ્āŠĶāŠ­ૂāŠĪ āŠĶāŠ°્āŠķāŠĻ āŠĨāŠŊા āŠ›ે. āŠ† āŠ‰āŠŠāŠ°ાંāŠĪ āŠŠ્āŠ°āŠĪિāŠ­ાāŠķાāŠģી āŠ…āŠĻે āŠļાāŠŪાāŠĻ્āŠŊ (First Raters and Second Raters)āŠĻું āŠĪેāŠŪાં āŠĨāŠŊેāŠēાં āŠĩāŠ°્āŠĢāŠĻ āŠĪેāŠŪāŠĢે āŠ†āŠĪ્āŠŪāŠķાāŠĪ āŠ•āŠ°્āŠŊું āŠ›ે.  āŠŠāŠđેāŠēા āŠēેāŠ–āŠ•āŠķ્āŠ°ીāŠĻા āŠŪિāŠĪ્āŠ° āŠķ્āŠ°ી āŠļુāŠ°ેāŠķāŠ­ાāŠˆ āŠŠāŠ°ીāŠ–ે āŠāŠŸāŠēાāŠļ āŠķ્āŠ°āŠ—્āŠĄāŠĻું āŠ­ાāŠ·ાંāŠĪāŠ° āŠ•āŠ°āŠĩા āŠļૂāŠšāŠĩ્āŠŊું. āŠĪ્āŠŊાāŠ° āŠŠāŠ›ી...

āŠ†āŠĶિāŠ•āŠĩિ āŠĻāŠ°āŠļિંāŠđ āŠŪāŠđેāŠĪા

āŠļૌāŠ°ાāŠ·્āŠŸ્āŠ° āŠāŠŸāŠēે āŠĩીāŠ°ો āŠ…āŠĻે āŠļંāŠĪોāŠĻી āŠ­ૂāŠŪિ, āŠĪેāŠĻું āŠĻાāŠ—āŠ°ીāŠ°āŠĪ્āŠĻ āŠœુāŠĻાāŠ—āŠĒāŠĻિāŠĩાāŠļી āŠ—ૃāŠđāŠļ્āŠĨ āŠ—િāŠ°āŠĻાāŠ°āŠĻી āŠŠંāŠšાāŠˆāŠĻા āŠ•āŠĩિ āŠ…āŠĻે āŠ­āŠ•્āŠĪ āŠĪે āŠĻāŠ°āŠļિંāŠđ āŠŪāŠđેāŠĪા! āŠŪીāŠ°ા, āŠ•āŠŽીāŠ° āŠ•ે āŠĪુāŠēāŠļીāŠĶાāŠļ āŠœેāŠĩો āŠ­āŠ•્āŠĪāŠ•āŠĩિ āŠŠāŠ°āŠŪ āŠļંāŠĪ āŠ…āŠĻે āŠ—ુāŠœāŠ°ાāŠĪી āŠļાāŠđિāŠĪ્āŠŊāŠĻો āŠŪāŠđાāŠĻ āŠļāŠ•્āŠ·āŠŪ āŠ•āŠĩિ āŠĪે āŠ†āŠŠāŠĢો āŠĻāŠ°āŠļૈāŠŊો . āŠļાāŠĶાāŠˆ, āŠļāŠ°āŠģāŠĪા, āŠŽેāŠŦિāŠ•āŠ°āŠŠāŠĢું āŠœેāŠĩા āŠ—ુāŠĢો āŠļાāŠĨે āŠĻાāŠ—āŠ°ોāŠĻી āŠŸીāŠ•ાāŠĻે āŠ…āŠĩāŠ—āŠĢી āŠđāŠ°િāŠœāŠĻો āŠĩāŠš્āŠšે āŠŽેāŠļી āŠ­āŠœāŠĻો āŠ•āŠ°āŠĪા āŠ…āŠĻે āŠ­ોāŠœāŠĻ āŠ•āŠ°āŠĪા āŠĻāŠ°āŠļિંāŠđ āŠŪāŠđેāŠĪા āŠ…āŠļ્āŠŠૃāŠķ્āŠŊāŠĪા āŠ†āŠ­āŠĄāŠ›ેāŠĄāŠĻા āŠŠાંāŠš āŠķāŠĪāŠ• āŠŠāŠđેāŠēાંāŠĻા āŠļāŠŪાāŠœāŠŪાં āŠ•āŠē્āŠŠāŠĩું āŠŪુāŠķ્āŠ•ેāŠē āŠ›ે. āŠđāŠ°િāŠœāŠĻ āŠ‰āŠĶ્āŠ§ાāŠ° āŠ•ે āŠāŠĩી āŠ•ોāŠˆ āŠŪોāŠŸાāŠˆ āŠĩāŠ—āŠ° āŠ‰āŠš્āŠšāŠĻીāŠšāŠĻા āŠĩાāŠĄા āŠ­ેāŠĶી āŠđāŠģāŠĩું āŠŪāŠģāŠĩું āŠœેāŠĩું āŠ–ૂāŠŽ āŠđિંāŠŪāŠĪ āŠĻું āŠ•ાāŠŪ āŠĪેāŠ“ āŠœ āŠ•āŠ°ી āŠķāŠ•ે āŠļંāŠŠૂāŠ°્āŠĢ āŠķāŠ°āŠĢાāŠ—āŠĪિ (Total Surrender) āŠ•ે āŠŠāŠ›ી āŠļાāŠ•્āŠ·ીāŠ­ાāŠĩ (Be Witness) āŠœેāŠĩા āŠ—ીāŠĪાāŠĻા āŠ‰āŠŠāŠĶેāŠķો āŠ†āŠĪ્āŠŪāŠļાāŠĪ āŠ•āŠ°ેāŠēા āŠ†āŠŠāŠĢા āŠŪāŠđાāŠĻ āŠ•ૃāŠ·્āŠĢāŠ­āŠ•્āŠĪ āŠĻāŠ°āŠļિંāŠđ āŠŪāŠđેāŠĪાāŠĻે āŠŪાāŠŸે āŠŠ્āŠ°āŠķંāŠķાāŠĻા āŠķāŠŽ્āŠĶો āŠŪāŠģāŠĪા āŠĻāŠĨી. āŠ•ૃāŠ·્āŠĢ āŠ­āŠ•્āŠĪિ-āŠ­āŠœāŠĻ āŠ…āŠĻે āŠļંāŠļાāŠ°āŠĻી āŠļાંāŠļાāŠ°ીāŠ• āŠŽાāŠŽāŠĪોāŠŪાં āŠļંāŠŠૂāŠ°્āŠĢ āŠĻāŠšિંāŠĪāŠŠાāŠĢુંāŠļāŠŪāŠœāŠĩું āŠļāŠđેāŠēું āŠĻāŠĨી. āŠŠુāŠĪ્āŠ° āŠķાāŠŪāŠģāŠķાāŠĻો āŠĩિāŠĩાāŠđ, āŠĶીāŠ•āŠ°ી āŠ•ુંāŠĩāŠ°āŠŽાāŠˆāŠĻું āŠŪાāŠŪેāŠ°ુ, āŠđૂંāŠĄી āŠēāŠ–ી āŠļ્āŠĩીāŠ•ાāŠ°āŠĻીāŠ†āŠķા āŠ°ાāŠ–āŠĩી, āŠŠુāŠĪ્āŠ° āŠķાāŠŪāŠģāŠķા āŠ…āŠĻે āŠŠāŠĪ્āŠĻી āŠŪાāŠĢેāŠ•āŠŽાāŠˆāŠĻા āŠŪૃāŠĪ્āŠŊુ āŠļāŠŪāŠŊે āŠĩિāŠ°āŠ•્āŠĪāŠ­ાāŠĩāŠĻાāŠĨી “āŠ­āŠēું āŠĨāŠŊું āŠ­ાંāŠ—ી āŠœંāŠœાāŠģ” āŠ—ાāŠĪા āŠĻāŠ°āŠļિંāŠđ āŠŪāŠđેāŠĪા āŠ•āŠē્āŠŠāŠĩા āŠ…āŠĻે āŠļāŠŪāŠœāŠĩા āŠ†āŠŠāŠĢે āŠŠāŠĢ āŠ–ૂāŠŽ āŠŠંāŠšી āŠŪાāŠĻāŠļિāŠ• āŠļ્āŠĨિāŠĪિāŠ āŠŠāŠđોંāŠšāŠĩું āŠŠāŠĄે. āŠ†āŠŠāŠĢી āŠļૌ...

History Of Muslims In India: Hindu-Muslim Relations

With this article, I would like to tell you about three things: (1) the History of Islam and Muslims in India; then I will try to elaborate, specifically telling (2) What went wrong; and finally, I will conclude by telling (3) The future of relations amongst Muslims and Hindus. Although it is routine to give references, in the end, I shall start with the list of three reference books in the beginning. All these details are not mine, I’ve only summarized them from these books. 1. "Miyan Ne Mahadev No Mel Padshe J Padshe” (Gujarati - “āŠŪિāŠŊાં āŠĻે āŠŪāŠđાāŠĶેāŠĩ āŠĻો āŠŪેāŠģ āŠŠāŠĄāŠķે āŠœ āŠŠāŠĄāŠķે”) by Kanti Shah. Published by Yaagna Prakasan Samiti, Hujaratpaga, Vadodara. A Gujarati book. Title meaning “Muslims and Hindus will certainly unite…”. Pages 80, Cost Rs. 30. 2. “Indian Muslims – Where They Have Gone Wrong” (English) by Rafiq Zakaria. Published by Popular Prakasan and Bhartiya Vidya Bhavan. Pages 620, Cost Rs 495. 3. “Rashtra Aur Musalman” (Hindi - “āΰाāĪ·्āΟ्āΰ āĪ”āΰ āĪŪुāĪļāĪēāĪŪाāĪĻ”) by Nasira ...

āŠŽૌāŠĶ્āŠ§ āŠ§āŠ°્āŠŪ

āŠēāŠ—āŠ­āŠ— 2500 āŠĩāŠ°્āŠ· āŠŠāŠđેāŠēા āŠŽીāŠœી āŠ°ીāŠĪે āŠ•āŠđીāŠ āŠĪો āŠˆ. āŠŠૂ. 500 āŠĩāŠ°્āŠ· āŠŠāŠđેāŠēા āŠĩિāŠķ્āŠĩāŠŪાં āŠĩિāŠšાāŠ° āŠ•્āŠ°ાંāŠĪિ āŠĨāŠˆ āŠđāŠĪી. āŠāŠ•ી āŠļાāŠĨે āŠĩિāŠķ્āŠĩāŠŪાં āŠœે āŠĪે āŠļāŠŪāŠŊāŠ—ાāŠģાāŠŪાં āŠĩિāŠšાāŠ°āŠ•, āŠ•્āŠ°ાંāŠĪિāŠ•ાāŠ°, āŠ§āŠ°્āŠŪāŠļ્āŠĨાāŠŠāŠ• āŠ…āŠĻે āŠŦીāŠēāŠļૂāŠŦ āŠāŠĩા āŠļોāŠ•્āŠ°ેāŠŸિāŠļ, āŠ•āŠĻ્āŠŦāŠŊુāŠķ્āŠŊāŠļ āŠŠ્āŠēેāŠŸો, āŠāŠ°િāŠļ્āŠŸોāŠŸāŠē āŠ…āŠĻે āŠĪાāŠ“ āŠļાāŠĨે āŠ­ાāŠ°āŠĪāŠŪાં āŠ­āŠ—āŠĩાāŠĻ āŠŽુāŠĶ્āŠ§ āŠ…āŠĻે āŠ­āŠ—āŠĩાāŠĻ āŠŪāŠđાāŠĩીāŠ° āŠœāŠĻ્āŠŪ્āŠŊા āŠđāŠĪા. āŠĪેāŠŪāŠĢે āŠŪાāŠĻāŠĩāŠļāŠŪાāŠœ્āŠŪા āŠŠāŠĄેāŠēો āŠļāŠĄો āŠļુāŠ§ાāŠ°āŠĩા āŠ•āŠ ોāŠ° āŠĪāŠŠ āŠ•āŠ°ી, āŠŪાāŠĻāŠĩāŠĩાāŠĶāŠĻી āŠķોāŠ§ āŠ•āŠ°ી āŠđāŠĪી. āŠ­ાāŠ°āŠĪāŠŪાં āŠ†āŠŪ āŠŠāŠĢ āŠŽ્āŠ°ાāŠđ્āŠŪāŠĢ, āŠĩૈāŠķ્āŠŊ, āŠ•્āŠ·āŠĪ્āŠ°િāŠŊ āŠ…āŠĻે āŠķુāŠĶ્āŠ° āŠœેāŠĩા āŠšાāŠ° āŠĩāŠ°્āŠĢોāŠŪાં āŠŽ્āŠ°ાāŠđ્āŠŪāŠĢોāŠĻી āŠ‰āŠš્āŠšāŠĪા āŠ…āŠĻે āŠķ્āŠ°ેāŠ·્āŠ āŠĪા āŠļ્āŠĨાāŠŠિāŠĪ āŠĨāŠˆ āŠđāŠĪી, āŠĪે āŠĩાāŠĪ āŠ–ાāŠļ āŠ•āŠ°ીāŠĻે āŠĩૈāŠķ્āŠŊāŠĻે āŠ—āŠŪāŠĪી āŠĻāŠđોāŠĪી. āŠŽ્āŠ°ાāŠđ્āŠŪāŠĢોāŠ āŠ–āŠ°્āŠšાāŠģ āŠ…āŠĻે āŠ—ૂંāŠšāŠĩāŠĢ āŠ­āŠ°ેāŠēી āŠœીāŠĩāŠĻ āŠĶāŠ°āŠŪ્āŠŊાāŠĻāŠĻી āŠļોāŠģ āŠļંāŠļ્āŠ•ાāŠ°āŠĻી āŠļોāŠģ āŠĩિāŠ§િāŠ“āŠŪાં āŠļāŠŪાāŠœāŠĻે āŠđેāŠ°ાāŠĻ āŠŠાāŠĄી āŠĶીāŠ§ો āŠđāŠĪો. āŠĩāŠģી āŠēોāŠ•ોāŠĻે āŠĻ āŠļāŠŪāŠœાāŠŊ āŠāŠĩી āŠļંāŠļ્āŠ•ૃāŠĪ āŠ­ાāŠ·ાāŠŪાં āŠĩિāŠ§િ āŠ•āŠ°ાāŠĩāŠĪા āŠđāŠĪા. āŠ‰āŠŠāŠ°ાંāŠĪ āŠ•્āŠ·ુāŠĶ્āŠ°āŠĩāŠ°્āŠĢāŠĻે āŠ“āŠ›ા āŠĩāŠģāŠĪāŠ°āŠŪાં āŠļāŠ–āŠĪ āŠŠāŠ°િāŠķ્āŠ°āŠŪ āŠ•āŠ°ાāŠĩ્āŠŊા āŠŠāŠ›ી āŠŠāŠĢ āŠ…āŠķ્āŠŊૃāŠķ્āŠŊāŠĪાāŠĻું āŠ…āŠŠāŠŪાāŠĻ āŠļāŠđેāŠĩું āŠŠāŠĄ્āŠŊું, āŠĪે āŠ•āŠ·્āŠŸāŠĶાāŠŊāŠ• āŠĨāŠˆ āŠŠāŠĄ્āŠŊું āŠđāŠĪું. āŠŊāŠœ્āŠžāŠŪાં āŠŠāŠķુāŠ“āŠĻા āŠŽāŠēીāŠĻે āŠ•ાāŠ°āŠĢે āŠ–ેāŠĪીāŠĻે āŠļāŠđāŠĻ āŠ•āŠ°āŠĩું āŠŠāŠĄāŠĪું āŠđāŠĪું āŠĪ્āŠŊાāŠ°ે āŠēોāŠ•āŠŽોāŠēી āŠŠાāŠēીāŠŪાં āŠ‰āŠŠāŠĶેāŠķ āŠ†āŠŠી āŠļāŠ°્āŠĩ āŠŪાāŠĻāŠĩોāŠĻે āŠļāŠĻ્āŠŪાāŠĻ āŠĶāŠ°āŠœ્āŠœો āŠ…āŠĻે āŠŪાāŠĻ āŠ†āŠŠāŠĪો āŠŽુāŠĶ્āŠ§ āŠ§āŠ°્āŠŪ āŠĻા āŠļ્āŠĨāŠŠાāŠŊ āŠĪો āŠœ āŠĻāŠĩાāŠˆ! āŠ†āŠŪ āŠļāŠŪāŠŊāŠĻી āŠœāŠ°ૂāŠ°િāŠŊાāŠĪ āŠļંāŠĪોāŠ·āŠĩા āŠŽે āŠ§āŠ°્āŠŪો: āŠŽુāŠĶ્āŠ§ āŠ…āŠĻે āŠœૈāŠĻ āŠ§āŠ°...

āŠŪāŠđાāŠ­ાāŠ°āŠĪ

āŠ†āŠŠāŠĢે āŦĻāŦŦāŦĶāŦĶ āŠĩāŠ°્āŠ· āŠŠāŠđેāŠēાં, āŠļંāŠļ્āŠ•ૃāŠĪāŠŪાં āŠĩ્āŠŊાāŠļāŠŪુāŠĻી āŠĶ્āŠĩાāŠ°ા āŠēāŠ–ાāŠŊેāŠē āŠŪāŠđાāŠ­ાāŠ°āŠĪ āŠĩિāŠ·ે āŠāŠŸāŠēું āŠœાāŠĢીāŠ āŠ•ે āŠĪે āŦ§āŦŪ āŠēાāŠ– āŠķāŠŽ્āŠĶોāŠĨી āŠŽે āŠēાāŠ– āŠēીāŠŸીāŠŪાં āŠāŠ• āŠēાāŠ– āŠķ્āŠēોāŠ•ોāŠĩાāŠģું āŠđિંāŠĶુāŠ§āŠ°્āŠŪāŠĻી āŠŪાāŠđિāŠĪી āŠ…āŠĻે āŠœ્āŠžાāŠĻ āŠ†āŠŠāŠĪું āŠēાંāŠŽાāŠŪાં āŠēાંāŠŽી āŠ•āŠĩિāŠĪાāŠĻું āŠŠુāŠļ્āŠĪāŠ• āŠ›ે.  āŠ† āŠ§āŠ°્āŠŪāŠŠુāŠļ્āŠĪāŠ•āŠŪાં āŠđāŠ•ીāŠ•āŠĪāŠŪાં āŠ…āŠĒાāŠ° āŠŠāŠ°્āŠĩ-āŠāŠŸāŠēે āŠ•ે āŠ…āŠĒાāŠ° āŠ…āŠ§્āŠŊાāŠŊāŠŪાં āŠ•ુāŠ°ુāŠ•્āŠ·ેāŠĪ્āŠ°āŠĻા āŠŪેāŠĶાāŠĻāŠŪાં āŠļો āŠ•ૌāŠ°āŠĩો āŠ…āŠĻે āŠŠાંāŠš āŠŠાંāŠĄāŠĩો (āŠŽāŠĻ્āŠĻે āŠŠāŠ•્āŠ·ે āŠŠિāŠĪ્āŠ°ાāŠˆāŠ­ાāŠˆāŠ“) āŠĩāŠš્āŠšે āŠēāŠĄાāŠŊેāŠē āŠŊુāŠĶ્āŠ§āŠĻી āŠĩિāŠ—āŠĪāŠĩાāŠ° āŠ•āŠĨા āŠ›ે. āŠ† āŠĩાāŠ°્āŠĪા āŠĩ્āŠŊાāŠļāŠŪુāŠĻીāŠĻા āŠĩિāŠĶ્āŠŊાāŠ°્āŠĨી āŠāŠĩા āŠĩૈāŠķાāŠŪāŠŠાāŠŊāŠĻે āŠŠ્āŠ°āŠĨāŠŪāŠĩાāŠ° āŠĩાંāŠšીāŠĻે āŠĪāŠ•્āŠ·āŠķિāŠēા āŠ–ાāŠĪે āŠ…āŠ°્āŠœુāŠĻāŠĻા āŠŠૌāŠĪ્āŠ° āŠāŠĩા āŠ°ાāŠœા āŠœāŠĻ્āŠŪેāŠœāŠŊ āŠĻે āŠļંāŠ­āŠģાāŠĩી āŠ›ે. āŠĩૈāŠķāŠŪāŠŠાāŠŊāŠĻે āŠœāŠĻ્āŠŪેāŠœāŠŊāŠĻે āŠ•āŠđી āŠļાંāŠ­āŠģāŠĩી āŠĪે āŠ§āŠ°્āŠŪāŠ•āŠĨા āŠĪે āŠŪāŠđાāŠ­ાāŠ°āŠĪ. āŠŪāŠĻે āŠ–āŠŽāŠ° āŠ›ે āŠĪāŠŪાāŠ°ે āŠŦāŠ•્āŠĪ āŠ•āŠĨાāŠĩāŠļ્āŠĪુ āŠŸૂંāŠ•ાāŠĢāŠŪાં āŠœ āŠœાāŠĢāŠĩી āŠ›ે- āŠ…āŠĒાāŠ° āŠēાāŠ– āŠķāŠŽ્āŠĶો āŠĶ્āŠĩાāŠ°ા āŠ•āŠđેāŠĩાāŠŊેāŠē āŠĩાāŠĪ āŠđું āŠ…āŠĒાāŠ° āŠŠાāŠĻાāŠŪાં āŠ•āŠĨાāŠĻું āŠđાāŠ°્āŠĶ āŠļāŠŪāŠœાāŠŊ āŠŠāŠĢ āŠēંāŠŽાāŠĢ āŠĻ āŠĨાāŠŊ āŠ āŠ°ીāŠĪે) āŠ•āŠđેāŠĩાāŠĻો āŠĻāŠŪ્āŠ° āŠŠ્āŠ°āŠŊાāŠļ āŠ•āŠ°ું āŠ›ું.   āŠ•ૌāŠŸુંāŠŽિāŠ• āŠŠāŠ°િāŠšāŠŊ āŠŪāŠđાāŠ­ાāŠ°āŠĪāŠĻી āŠķāŠ°ૂāŠ†āŠĪ āŠ•ુāŠ°ુāŠĩંāŠķāŠĻો āŠˆāŠĪિāŠđાāŠļ āŠ…āŠĻે āŠ•ુāŠŸુંāŠŽāŠĩૃāŠ•્āŠ· (Family Tree) āŠĻા āŠŠāŠ°િāŠšāŠŊ āŠĨી āŠ†āŠĶિāŠŠāŠ°્āŠĩ āŠŪાં āŠĨાāŠŊ āŠ›ે. āŠĪ્āŠŊાāŠ° āŠŠāŠ›ી āŠļāŠ­ાāŠŠāŠ°્āŠĩ āŠŪાં āŠ•ૌāŠ°āŠĩો-āŠŠાંāŠĄāŠĩો āŠĩāŠš્āŠšે āŠ°āŠŪાāŠŊેāŠē āŠ§ૃāŠĪ āŠœૂāŠ—āŠŸું āŠ…āŠĻે āŠŠાંāŠĄāŠĩોāŠĻી āŠđાāŠ° āŠĻી āŠ•āŠĨા āŠ›ે. āŠĪેāŠ° āŠĩāŠ°્āŠ·āŠŪાંāŠĨી āŠŠāŠđેāŠēાં āŠŽાāŠ° āŠĩāŠ°્āŠ·āŠĻા āŠĩāŠĻāŠĩાāŠļāŠĻું āŠĩāŠ°્āŠĢāŠĻ āŠĩāŠĻāŠŠāŠ°્āŠĩ āŠŪાં...

Anavils - An Endangered Community

After Parsis, Anavils ( Anavil Brahmins , āŠ…āŠĻાāŠĩિāŠē āŠŽ્āŠ°ાāŠđ્āŠŪāŠĢ ) are the fastest decreasing community. The total population of Anavils around the world does not exceed two lakhs figure and that is also fast reducing day by day. Days are not far, beyond a century or so, when they will have to be seen/found in records, photos, and videos. Why? Because,    - they get married too late,    - many are dying unmarried,    - they wait for the career to be settled before the first (and maybe the only) childbirth. So,    The number of children per couple is either one or zero.    It is certain that nothing can save this community from extinction - vanishing! Let me try to introduce this community. Mr. Klass W VanDer Veen - a Dutch scholar and Professor at Amsterdam University prepared a thesis on "Anavils" and wrote a book "I Give Thee My Daughter ". He concluded, "Anavils are smart, efficient, and clever but heavily disunited....

Dawood Ibrahim - A Journey From Dongri To Karachi, Via Dubai

One of the recent off-bit topics I’ve read, this one book about ‘Mumbai Mafia’ has been the most interesting, well-researched and well-written. Here is an excerpt from Dawood Ibrahim's journey from “Dongri to Dubai”, and the six decades of Mumbai mafia.

āŠ­āŠ—āŠĩાāŠĻ āŠķિāŠĩ āŠķંāŠ•āŠ° – āŠ­ોāŠēેāŠĻાāŠĨ

āŠķિāŠĩ – āŠķંāŠ•āŠ° – āŠ­ોāŠēેāŠĻાāŠĨ āŠĪāŠ°ીāŠ•ે āŠ­āŠ—āŠĩાāŠĻ āŠķંāŠ•āŠ° āŠĻો āŠŠāŠ°િāŠšāŠŊ āŠ­ોāŠēેāŠĻાāŠĨ āŠĪāŠ°ીāŠ•ે āŠ…āŠĩāŠ°āŠĻāŠĩાāŠ° āŠ†āŠŠāŠĩાāŠŪાં āŠ†āŠĩે āŠ›ે, āŠĪે āŠ…āŠŪāŠļ્āŠĪો āŠĻāŠĨી. āŠĪેāŠĻા āŠ­ોāŠģāŠŠāŠĢ āŠĻા āŠ…āŠļંāŠ–્āŠŊ āŠĶાāŠ–āŠēાāŠ“ āŠĪેāŠŪāŠĻા āŠœીāŠĩāŠĻāŠŪાāŠĨી āŠœોāŠĩા āŠŪāŠģે āŠ›ે, āŠĪેāŠĨી āŠ† āŠĩાāŠĪ āŠļાāŠŽિāŠĪ āŠĨāŠŊેāŠē āŠ›ે. āŠĪો, āŠšાāŠēો,āŠĪેāŠĻી āŠĩિāŠ—āŠĪ āŠŪેāŠģāŠĩીāŠ. āŠ­āŠ—āŠĩાāŠĻ āŠķિāŠĩ āŠĶુāŠĻિāŠŊાāŠĶાāŠ°ીāŠĨી āŠĪāŠĶ્āŠĶāŠĻ āŠ…āŠœાāŠĢ āŠđāŠĪા āŠāŠŸāŠēે āŠĪેāŠŪāŠĻે āŠēāŠ—્āŠĻ āŠ•ેāŠĩી āŠ°ીāŠĪે āŠĨાāŠŊ, āŠēāŠ—્āŠĻ āŠŠāŠ›ી āŠ˜āŠ° āŠ•ેāŠŪ āŠœોāŠˆāŠ āŠ…āŠĨāŠĩા āŠēāŠ—્āŠĻ āŠŠāŠ›ી āŠķāŠ°ીāŠ° āŠļંāŠŽāŠ§ āŠķા āŠŪાāŠŸે āŠœāŠ°ૂāŠ°ી āŠĪેāŠĻી āŠŽિāŠēāŠ•ુāŠē āŠ–āŠŽāŠ° āŠĻāŠđોāŠĪી.