One of the most important chapters in the Indian history (and equally so for Pakistan) is the partition of the nation in 1947. This article is a review of the book “The Tragic Story Of Partition” by H V Sheshadri.
While writing book-review, I have to be sure that I do not rewrite the same book in detail. So my aim will be brief introduction. At the same time, the information about book should be precise and to the point, so the reader understands the subject and desires to read the said book. I will so that.
On 15-August-1947, India was going to be "Independent" from British rule. What events lead to partition of India in two is the subject of this book. Every patriotic and history loving person must read this book.
The author H V Sheshadri took all the pains to go into the details of this history with reference to Shripati Shasri’s (History professor of Pune) lectures in 1972 at Bengaluru – and – he did not hesitate in taking help of reporter K R Malkani, historian Devendra Swarup and others.
Was the partition of India a must? Answer is big "vents leading to NO". This book describes in details the events leading to partition and tells in the end how "Re-Union” is not impossible.
I will tell this in three parts:
1857
Freedom Struggle: Hindus and Muslims protested British rule in one voice and started freedom struggle. Here is when British rulers found out the way "DIVIDE AND RULE" policy as the only way out for the continuation of the rule. So they promoted Muslims and gave them a free gift of land captured from Hindus during the said war. (40)
1885
1. Indian National Congress was formed by British Hume for support of British rule. The purpose told was social and political reforms.
2. Christianity: British sent missionaries for conversion of poor, backward, forest residents and Harijans who supported British after conversion to Christianity.
3. English education and forming elite class: Lord Mackole gave special teachings of English to qualify Indians. The ‘English knowing’ new class of people was formed who separated themselves from other Indians to believe them 'elite' class – superior to others. They unknowingly united themselves with English people and supported them.
1888
Anglo-Oriental-Defense Association: Theodor Beck (Principal of Aligarh College) formed this association for Muslims right protection and for getting support to British rule from Muslims.
1899
Indian National Congress at Lucknow annual meeting gave special attractions to Muslims like free tickets for conference, free food, free Muslim traditional dress and Rs. 10 daily allowance at conference to get their support against British and make them loyal to Congress.
1905
Division of Bengal: Viceroy Lord Courzan declared division of Bengal for making it Muslims heaven known as Dar-ul-Islam. (46)
1906
1. Viceroy Lord Minto encouraged Muslims against Hindus with the help of Nawab Mohsin-Ul-Mulk of Aligarh.
2. Monte-Minto Law for separate voters council for Muslims and Sikhs to divide them from Hindus. (51)
3. 30-December-1906 Muslim league formed at All Muslim conference held at Dhaka under leadership of Nawab Salimulla Khan and declared Aga Khan as permanent Chairman.
1915
Congress-Muslim league pact on giving separate voting right on the basis of religion to Muslim and Sikh. (71)
1920
Khilafat Movement telling Khalifa of Turkistan as the Sultan representing Allah and considered head of Islamic world.
Gandhiji agreed to support Khilafat movement and congress followed. (76)
1921
Keralite Muslims doing Mopala agitation telling "Jihad" killed 2266 people, wounded 1615, converted 20,000 Hindus to Islam and looted property worth 3 Crore rupees. (84)
1922
Indian National Conference annual meeting accepted under leadership of Chitaranjan Das accepted that Hindu-Muslim unity is impossible.
1924
Gandhiji supported Muslims for their nature of being attacker and criticized Hindus for their so called inherent cowardness.
1932
British Prime Minister MacDonald declared "Religious decision" for giving reservation on religion base and separate voters council for Muslims, Sikhs, Dalits, Christians, Europeans and Anglo-Indian showing their "DIVIDE and RULE" policy. (114)
1933
Word Pakistan was coined telling: P=Punjab, A=Afghanistan, K=Kashmir, S=Sindh and Tan=Baluchistan
1942
Kripps Mission offered conditional and partial Independence with minority having "veto" for saying "NO". It failed.
British-Muslim league and communist axis established. (164)
1943
3-March-1943: Demand for Pakistan put forward in the assembly of Sindh.
Sindh assembly gave slogan "Buy from Muslims only”.
Sindh assembly banned Aryasamaji book Satya Prakash – 14. (166)
1944
9-September-1944: After 19 days dialogue between Gandhiji and Mohmad Ali Jinah, Gandhiji surrendered to him. (170)
1946
16-August-1946 Direction Action Day. Calcutta Muslim League, Chief Minister Suharawardi and Mayor Sharif Khan called "Jihad" and "Leke Rahenge Hindustan" killing 17000, wounding 15000 and making 1 lac homeless Hindus.
1947
3-June-1947: Declaration. British Government, Indian National Congress and Muslim League agreed and declared partition of India. (212)
2. Interpretation and Lesson:
Why partition of India took place?
Indian National Congress, not only agreed to partition but it did not oppose on any point put forward. (213)
Neither British nor Muslim League was strong enough to force Congress to accept partition.
Simply, if Congress would have stuck to demand of "United India", nobody could have succeeded. (257)
This is the most important interpretation...
This demands youth to join politics, instead of living it in the hands of tired, frustrated and idle old.
3. Can India, Pakistan and Bangladesh unite again? (276)
Answer is big "YES".
Examples in the History of all the divided nations trying and on the way to success are following:
- और देश बट गया (Hindi)
- વિભાજનની કરુણાંતિકા (Gujarati)
- Translated in Gujarati by Nalin Pandya, Kishor Makwana and Bhagirath Desai.
- Pages: 294, Price: Rs. 90.
- Published by Sadhana Pustaka Prakashan, Ram Nivas, Baliyakaka Marg, Near Juna Dhorbajar, Kankaria, Ahmedabad - 380028
While writing book-review, I have to be sure that I do not rewrite the same book in detail. So my aim will be brief introduction. At the same time, the information about book should be precise and to the point, so the reader understands the subject and desires to read the said book. I will so that.
On 15-August-1947, India was going to be "Independent" from British rule. What events lead to partition of India in two is the subject of this book. Every patriotic and history loving person must read this book.
The author H V Sheshadri took all the pains to go into the details of this history with reference to Shripati Shasri’s (History professor of Pune) lectures in 1972 at Bengaluru – and – he did not hesitate in taking help of reporter K R Malkani, historian Devendra Swarup and others.
Was the partition of India a must? Answer is big "vents leading to NO". This book describes in details the events leading to partition and tells in the end how "Re-Union” is not impossible.
I will tell this in three parts:
- Chronology,
- Interpretation and
- Reunion.
1857
Freedom Struggle: Hindus and Muslims protested British rule in one voice and started freedom struggle. Here is when British rulers found out the way "DIVIDE AND RULE" policy as the only way out for the continuation of the rule. So they promoted Muslims and gave them a free gift of land captured from Hindus during the said war. (40)
1885
1. Indian National Congress was formed by British Hume for support of British rule. The purpose told was social and political reforms.
2. Christianity: British sent missionaries for conversion of poor, backward, forest residents and Harijans who supported British after conversion to Christianity.
3. English education and forming elite class: Lord Mackole gave special teachings of English to qualify Indians. The ‘English knowing’ new class of people was formed who separated themselves from other Indians to believe them 'elite' class – superior to others. They unknowingly united themselves with English people and supported them.
1888
Anglo-Oriental-Defense Association: Theodor Beck (Principal of Aligarh College) formed this association for Muslims right protection and for getting support to British rule from Muslims.
1899
Indian National Congress at Lucknow annual meeting gave special attractions to Muslims like free tickets for conference, free food, free Muslim traditional dress and Rs. 10 daily allowance at conference to get their support against British and make them loyal to Congress.
1905
Division of Bengal: Viceroy Lord Courzan declared division of Bengal for making it Muslims heaven known as Dar-ul-Islam. (46)
1906
1. Viceroy Lord Minto encouraged Muslims against Hindus with the help of Nawab Mohsin-Ul-Mulk of Aligarh.
2. Monte-Minto Law for separate voters council for Muslims and Sikhs to divide them from Hindus. (51)
3. 30-December-1906 Muslim league formed at All Muslim conference held at Dhaka under leadership of Nawab Salimulla Khan and declared Aga Khan as permanent Chairman.
1915
Congress-Muslim league pact on giving separate voting right on the basis of religion to Muslim and Sikh. (71)
1920
Khilafat Movement telling Khalifa of Turkistan as the Sultan representing Allah and considered head of Islamic world.
Gandhiji agreed to support Khilafat movement and congress followed. (76)
1921
Keralite Muslims doing Mopala agitation telling "Jihad" killed 2266 people, wounded 1615, converted 20,000 Hindus to Islam and looted property worth 3 Crore rupees. (84)
1922
Indian National Conference annual meeting accepted under leadership of Chitaranjan Das accepted that Hindu-Muslim unity is impossible.
1924
Gandhiji supported Muslims for their nature of being attacker and criticized Hindus for their so called inherent cowardness.
1932
British Prime Minister MacDonald declared "Religious decision" for giving reservation on religion base and separate voters council for Muslims, Sikhs, Dalits, Christians, Europeans and Anglo-Indian showing their "DIVIDE and RULE" policy. (114)
1933
Word Pakistan was coined telling: P=Punjab, A=Afghanistan, K=Kashmir, S=Sindh and Tan=Baluchistan
1942
Kripps Mission offered conditional and partial Independence with minority having "veto" for saying "NO". It failed.
British-Muslim league and communist axis established. (164)
1943
3-March-1943: Demand for Pakistan put forward in the assembly of Sindh.
Sindh assembly gave slogan "Buy from Muslims only”.
Sindh assembly banned Aryasamaji book Satya Prakash – 14. (166)
1944
9-September-1944: After 19 days dialogue between Gandhiji and Mohmad Ali Jinah, Gandhiji surrendered to him. (170)
1946
16-August-1946 Direction Action Day. Calcutta Muslim League, Chief Minister Suharawardi and Mayor Sharif Khan called "Jihad" and "Leke Rahenge Hindustan" killing 17000, wounding 15000 and making 1 lac homeless Hindus.
1947
3-June-1947: Declaration. British Government, Indian National Congress and Muslim League agreed and declared partition of India. (212)
2. Interpretation and Lesson:
Why partition of India took place?
- British Government's “Divide and Rule” policy.
- Muslim League leaders' fighting and religious policy (particularly of Aga Khan and Mohmad-Ali-Jinah).
- Indian National Congress' wrong politics and surrender (Mahatma Gandhiji and Rajaji in particular).
Indian National Congress, not only agreed to partition but it did not oppose on any point put forward. (213)
Neither British nor Muslim League was strong enough to force Congress to accept partition.
Simply, if Congress would have stuck to demand of "United India", nobody could have succeeded. (257)
This is the most important interpretation...
The only reason for partition was Congress – few Congress leaders who were old, tired, not ready to fight any more and having political desire of getting power at the earliest. All this made them accept partition without much protest and fight. (274)
This demands youth to join politics, instead of living it in the hands of tired, frustrated and idle old.
3. Can India, Pakistan and Bangladesh unite again? (276)
Answer is big "YES".
Examples in the History of all the divided nations trying and on the way to success are following:
- North and South Korea
- Vietnam
- East and West Germany
- Ulster and Ireland
- Army and Defense expense of all three is high.
- Trade and Commerce demands unity for progress (Common market of Europe is the best example to follow).
- All three are complimentary to one-another if united.
- Many blood relations are divided in three countries making meeting difficult or say nearly impossible.
- People of all three countries desire to unite. They know it is the dirty world politics of America and such other countries that does not allow unity.
India and Hindus in particular are suffering because of the power greedy congress and the wrong and appeasing policies of the person called Gandhi
ReplyDeleteI would highly recommend to read a book "Daughter of Empire: Life as a Mountbatten" which was written by 'Pamela Hicks nee Mountbatten' and she has covered much facts about partition of these countries which will drop our jaws on the floor.
ReplyDeleteThanks.
DeleteI will manage to get the said book and read.
WHILE THE BRITISH HAD NO INTEREST TO KEEP VARIOUS RELIGIONISTS UNITED , THE INSIDIOUS AND TREACHEROUS ROLE PLAYED BY THE RSS & HINDU MAHASABHA APPEARS TO HAVE BEEN GLOSSED OVER . RAJAJI HAD SUGGESTED THAT JINNAH BE MADE PREMIER AND GANDHI HAD ACCEPTED THE SUGGESTION , WHILE NEHRU & PATEL HAD OPPOSED . EVEN IN 1946 DURING THE FORMATION OF THE INTERIM GOVERNMENT HAD THE MUSLIM LEAGUE BEEN OFFERED HOME MINISTRY , JINNAH WOULD HAVE ACCEPTED A UNITED INDIA WITH AUTONOMY FOR MUSLIM MAJORITY AREA . AT THIS STAGE PATEL HAD REFUSED TO ACCOMMODATE AND HAD THREATENED TO QUIT THE CONGRESS . TODAY PEOPLE , WHO ARE DEIFYING PATEL ARE GLOSSING OVER THIS . RAJAJI HAD FORESEEN THE INTRANSIGENCE OF JINNAH AND HAD SUGGESTED FOR A PEACEFUL PARTITION IN 1942 WHICH WAS OPPOSED BY GANDHI & NEHRU . FINALLY IT WAS NEHRU & PATEL , WHO ACCEPTED PARTITION . THE FACT THAT IS CONVENIENTLY FORGOTTEN IS THAT IT WAS RAJAJI FORMULA , WHICH ENSURED THAT PAKISTAN BECAME PAKISTAN IN TERMS OF AREA IN 1947 . INITIALLY , JINNAH HAD DEMANDED THE WHOLE OF THE PUNJAB, JAMMU & KASHMIR, THE WHOLE OF BENGAL & ASSAM AND PARTS OF BIHAR APART FROM AREAS WHICH ARE WITH PAKISTAN TODAY . BOTH MUSLIL LEAGUE AND THE RSS /HINDU MAHASABHA WERE LEADING INDIA TOWARDS A CIVIL WAR AND THE WISE PEOPLE PREVENTED IT THOUGH THEY COULD NOT PREVENT RIOTS ENGINEERED BY THE MUSLIM LEAGUE & THE RSS/HINDU MAHASABHA . NO BODY SPEAKS OF PATEL'S LETTER TO RAJAJI WHERE HE HAD EXPRESSED HAPPINESS ABOUT MORE MUSLIMS HAVING BEEN KILLED THAN HINDUS
ReplyDeleteBESIDES , THE CONTENTION OF SAVARKAR THAT HINDUS AND MUSLIMS ARE DIFFERENT NATIONALITIES HAD FUELED THE FIRE OF PARTITION. THERE WAS A RESOLUTION TO THIS EFFECT IN THE THEN SIND ASSEMBLY TO WHICH HINDU MAHASABHA WAS ALSO IN AGREEMENT . THE DOMINATION OF HINDUS OVER MUSLIMS IN GOVERNMENT JOBS & SOCIETY AND THE FACT THAT THE CONGRESS HAD A PREDOMINANCE OF UPPER CAST "HINDUS " HAD SOWN SEEDS OF SUSPICION IN THE MINDS OF MUSLIM LEAGUE . AFTER ALL, JINNAH WAS A TRUE SECULAR( IN FACT, AN ATHEIST TOO) WHO DISLIKED THE RELIGIOUS WAYS OF GANDHI & TILAK . IT WAS ONLY NEHRU AND RAJAJI , WHO REMAINED TRULY SECULAR TILL THE END WITH RAJAJI NEVER EVER HAVING BEEN SEEN INSIDE A TEMPLE AFTER HE ENTERED PUBLIC LIFE , THOUGH HE CAME FROM THE MOST UPPER CRUST OF THE BRAHMIN SOCIETY AS OT EXISTED. ALSO, RAJAJI WAS A PROUD HINDU WITHOUT THE MANNER OF RABBLE ROUSERS OF THE HINDU MAHASABHA AND THE RSS KIND. RAJAJI'S BOOKS ON RAMAYANA, MAHABHARATA, UPANISHADS ARE GETTINF ADMIRED AND SOLD EVEN TODAY
ReplyDeleteWHILE THE AUTHOR IS FREE TO DISTORT AND NOT TELL THE TRUTH , HE PROBABLY GLOSSES OVER THE ATROCITIES COMMITTED AGAINST PEOPLE FROM THE LOWER CASTES MAKING THEM SEEK FIRST AVAILABLE OPPORTUNITY TO SWITCH SIDES IN TERMS OF THEIR RELIGION . WHY IS IT THAT THE HINDU ACTIVISTS DO NOT TALK OF UNSPEAKABLE ATROCITIES COMMITTED AGAINST ASHTAMAS -THE PEOPLE BELONGING TO THE EIGHT RUNG IN THE CASTE HIERARCHY . THE HINDU RELIGION DOES NOT EVEN ACCEPT THE EXISTENCE OF HUMAN BEINGS BELOW THE FOURTH VARNA , IE, SHUDRAS . THAT IS THE LEVEL OF HUMANENESS OF THE SANATANA DHARMA . EVEN TODAY PEOPLE FROM THE 5TH, 6TH & 7TH VARNAS ARE BEING MALTREATED MAKING THEM EMBRACE CHRISTIANITY , BUDDHISM ETC
ReplyDelete